Airport Engineering By Rangwala

3-12. Airport architecture
(1) Features of building (4) Plants
(2) International airport (5) Seating arrangements
(3) Materials of construction (6) Utilization of space
3-13. Typical airport layouts
3-14. Layout of military airports
3-15. Environmental considerations
(1) Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
(2) Environmental impact statement (EIS)
(3) Environmental management plan (EMP)
3-16. Factors influenced by airport activity
(1) Ecological factors
(2) Engineering and economic factors
(3) Pollution factors (4) Social factors
3-17. Measures to control adverse impacts
(1) Measures to control noise impact
(2) Measures to control soil and geology impact
(3) Measures to control hydrology and water impact:
(4) Measures to control air quality impact
Questions 3

Chapter 4 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF TERMINAL AREA

4-1. General
4-2. Terminal building
(1) Design objectives (4) Planning considerations
(2) Facilities to be provided (5) Site selection
(3) Noise control
(6) Space requirements
4-3. Passenger flow
(1) Arrival (4) Security screening
(2) Check-in (5) Departure
(3) Waiting (6) Deplaning
4-4. Parking of vehicles
(1) Short-term (3) Remote
(2) Long-term
4-5. Size of apron
(1) Gate position (3) Systems of aircraft parking
(2) Number of gates
4-6. Apron turntable
4-7. Hangars
(1) Nose hangars (2) T-hangars
4-8. Protection from jet blast
(1) Blast fences (2) Erosion control
Questions 4

Chapter 5 RUNWAY DESIGN

5-1. General
5-2. Runway orientation
(1) Preliminary information (3) Cross wind component
required (4) Wind coverage
(2) Head wind (5) Wind rose
5-3. Change in direction of runway
(1) Excessive grading (3) Obstructions
(2) Noise nuisance
5-4. Basic runway length
(1) Normal landing (3) Stopping in emergency
(2) Normal take off
5-5. Corrections to basic runway length
(1) Correction for elevation (3) Correction for temperature
(2) Correction for gradient
5-6. Geometric design of runways
(1) Length
(2) Longitudinal and effective gradient
(3) Rate of change of longitudinal gradient
(4) Runway End Safety Area (RESA)
(5) Sight distance
(6) Transverse gradient (7) Width
5-7. Balanced field concept
5-8. Runway patterns
(1) Single runway
(2) Parallel runways
(3) Intersecting runways
(4) Divergent or open V-runways
5-9. Comparison of runway patterns
5-10. Geometric design of runway intersection
Questions 5

Chapter 6 TAXIWAY DESIGN

6-1. General
6-2. Layout of taxiways
(1) Arrangement (4) Higher turn-off speeds
(2) Busy airports (5) Route
(3) Crossing
6-3. Geometric standards
for taxiway
(1) Length of taxiway (5) Transverse gradient
(2) Longitudinal gradient (6) Turning radius
(3) Rate of change of (7) Width of safety area
longitudinal gradient (8) Width of taxiway
(4) Sight distance
6-4. Exit taxiways
(1) Air traffic control (5) Pilot variability
(2) Exit speed (6) Topographical features
(3) Location of runways (7) Types of aircraft
(4) Number of exits (8) Weather conditions
6-5. Optimum location of exit taxiways
6-6. Design of exit taxiways
(1) Angle of turn (5) Occupancy time
(2) Compound curve (6) Shape of taxiway
(3) Exit speed (7) Stopping distance
(4) Lengths L1 and L2 (8) Turning radius
6-7. Loading aprons
6-8. Holding aprons
(1) Configuration (4) Holding bays
(2) Entry to the runway (5) Location
(3) Facility of bypass (6) Peak demands
6-9. Fillets
6-10. Separation clearance
6-11. Bypass or turnaround taxiway
Questions 6

Chapter 7 AVIATION FUEL

7-1. General
7-2. Types of aviation fuels
(1) Jet Fuel (2) Avgas
7-3. Characteristics of aviation fuel
(1) Heat value of fuel (3) Static electricity
(2) Volatility of fuel
7-4. Refuelling process
(1) Delivering fuel (3) Distributing and
(2) Storage of fuel refuelling process
7-5. DE-Fuelling process
7-6. Safety precautions during Fuelling/De-fuelling
Questions 7

Chapter 8 AIRPORT PAVEMENT DESIGN

8-1. General
8-2. Types of pavements
8-2-1. Flexible or asphalt or bituminous pavements
(1) General
(2) Layers of flexible pavements
8-2-2. Rigid or concrete pavements
(1) General
(2) Choice of the type of pavement
8-2-3. Semi-rigid or composite pavements
8-3. Difference between flexible and rigid pavements
8-4. Design factors or requirements
(1) Characteristics of construction materials
(2) Subgrade soil (3) Wheel load
8-5. Design of flexible pavements
8-5-1. California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R.) method
8-5-2. McLeod method
8-5-3. Burmister method
8-5-4. Analytical design method
8-5-5. Computer Aided Design Application
8-5-6. U.S. Army corps of engineers (COE) method
8-5-7. Federal aviation administration (FAA) method
8-5-8. The asphalt institute method
8-6. Design of rigid pavements
8-6-1. Method based on Westergaard’s analysis
8-6-2. Portland Cement Association (PCA) method
8-6-3. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) method
8-6-4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) method

8-7. Load classification number (LCN) method of pavement design
(1) LCN for flexible pavement
(2) LCN for rigid pavement
8-8. Design of overlay pavements
(1) Design of flexible overlay
(2) Design of rigid overlay
8-9. Causes of failure of pavements
(1) Failures in flexible pavements
(2) Failures in rigid pavements
8-10. Typical flexible pavement failures
(1) Alligator or map cracking
(2) Consolidation of pavement layers
(3) Formation of waves
(4) Frost heaving
(5) Lack of binding with the lower course
(6) Longitudinal cracking (7) Reflection cracking
8-11. Typical rigid pavement failures
(1) Mud pumping (4) Spalling of joints
(2) Scaling of cement concrete (5) Structural cracks
(3) Shrinkage cracks (6) Warping cracks
8-12. Maintenance and evaluation of airport pavements
8-13. Aircraft-pavement classification number system
8-14. Joints in cement concrete pavements
(1) Reasons for providing joints
(2) Requirements of a good joint
(3) Transverse joints
8-15. Joint fillers and sealers
8-16. Pumping
8-17. Pavements for light aircraft
(1) Flexible pavement (2) Rigid pavement
8-18. Airport pavement design softwares
(1) Ledfaa software (2) Faarfield software
8-19. Icao guideline for runway layout
8-20. Geosynthetic materials for airport pavements
(1) Secugrid (2) Carbofol (3) Secutex
Questions 8

Chapter 9 AIRPORT GRADING AND DRAINAGE

9-1. General
9-2. Importance of grading
9-3. General requirements of grading 207
(1) Cuts and fills (5) Grading plans
(2) Drainage (6) Ground near landing strips
(3) Equipment (7) Intersection
(4) Grade lines (8) Subgrade soils
9-4. Operations of grading
9-5. Earthwork computations
(1) Cross-sectional method
(2) Mass-haul curve method
9-6. Aims of airport drainage
9-7. Functions of airport drainage
9-8. Special characteristics of airport drainage
9-9. Basic requirements of airport drainage system
(1) Capacity (3) Rapid drainage
(2) Future expansion (4) Strength
9-10. Surface drainage
(1) Objectives of surface (3) Estimating runoff
drainage (4) Design procedure
(2) Time of concentration (5) Layout of surface drainage
9-11. Ponding
(1) Meaning of the term (4) Location
(2) Necessity (5) Design process
(3) Importance
9-12. Sub-surface drainage
(1) Functions of sub-surface drainage
(2) Changes in moisture content
(3) Base course and subgrade drainage
(4) Intercepting drainage
(5) Drainability of soils
(6) Methods of sub-surface drainage
9-13. Types of pipes
(1) Bell and spigot pipes (3) Porous concrete pipes
(2) Perforated pipes (4) Skip pipes
9-14. Filter materials
Questions 9

Chapter 10 VISUAL AIDS

10-1. General
10-2. Requirements of pilots for visual aids
(1) Daytime with clear weather
(2) Night and daytime with bad weather
10-3. Airport markings
(1) Apron marking (4) Shoulder marking
(2) Landing direction indicator (5) Taxiway marking
(3) Runway marking (6) Wind direction indicator
10-4. Guidance to pilots during landing
(1) Alignment guidance (3) Visual parameters
(2) Height information
10-5. Factors affecting airport lighting
10-6. Elements of airport lighting
(1) Airport beacon (7) Runway lighting
(2) Approach lighting (8) Taxiway lighting
(3) Apron and hangar lighting (9) Threshold lighting
(4) Boundary lighting (10) Visual approach slope
(5) Lighting of landing indicator (VASI)
direction indicator (11) Precision approach path
(6) Lighting of wind indicator (PAPI)
direction indicator
10-7. Other associated visual aids
10-8. Visibility
Questions 10

Chapter 11 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

11-1. General
11-2. Importance of air traffic control
11-3. Flight rules
(1) Meaning (3) Responsibility
(2) Principle (4) Type of control
11-4. Air traffic control network
(1) Control centres (3) Flight service stations
(2) Control towers
11-5. Air traffic control aids
(1) En route aids or airway aids
(2) Landing aids or terminal aids
11-6. Automation in air traffic control aids
11-7. Air Traffic Control by Global positioning system (GPS)
11-8. Free flight air traffic control
(1) General
(2) Free flight types
(3) Different approaches of free flight
Questions 11

CHAPTER 12: HELIPORTS AND STOLPORTS

12-1. General
12-2. Advantages of helicopters
(1) Bad weather (4) Saving in time
(2) Future prospects (5) Utility
(3) Military operation
12-3. Characteristics of helicopter
(1) Flight characteristics (2) Physical characteristics
12-4. Planning of heliports
(1) Selection of site (5) Obstruction clearance
(2) Size of landing area requirements
(3) Orientation of landing area (6) Marking of heliports
(4) Terminal area (7) Lighting of heliports
12-5. Elevated heliports
12-6. Heliports at airports
12-7. Characteristics of stol aircraft
12-8. Advantages of stol aircraft
(1) Intercity transportation (4) Runway length
(2) Noise (5) Use of airspace
(3) Operation
12-9. Planning of stolports
(1) Obstruction clearance (4) Taxiway width
requirements (5) Marking of stolports
(2) Runway length (6) Lighting of stolports
(3) Runway width
Questions 12

Appendix: AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

INDEX1